Actinobacteriophages Pulchra and Vanisius were isolated from soil samples using Microbacterium foliorum NRRL B-24224. Pulchra and Vanisius have genomes of 53312 bp and 17453bp encoding 91 and 25 predicted protein-coding genes, respectively. Both phages exhibit a siphovirus morphology and have the same GC content of 68.8%. Based on gene content, Pulchra and Vanisius are assigned to actinobacteriophage clusters EC and EE, respectively.
","acknowledgements":"This work was supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Science Education Alliance-Phage Hunters Advancing Genomics and Evolutionary Science (SEA-PHAGES) program and Columbia State Community College. We are grateful to Graham Hatfull, Deborah Jacobs-Sera, Vic Sivanathan and Billy Biederman for continuous support, quality control and revision of the manuscript, and to Daniel Russel and Rebecca Garlena for sequencing and assembling the phage genomes. We are thankful to Joyce Miller at the MTSU Interdisciplinary Microanalysis and Imaging Center (MIMIC) for assistance with electron microscopy imaging.
","authors":[{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["writing_originalDraft","writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"eeivazova@columbiastate.edu","firstName":"Elvira R.","lastName":"Eivazova","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"gmarkov@columbiastate.edu","firstName":"Gregory S.","lastName":"Markov","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"tcote@columbiastate.edu","firstName":"Tessa C. ","lastName":"Cote Allen","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"abrittain@columbiastate.edu","firstName":"Ava E. ","lastName":"Brittain","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"jstpierre@columbiastate.edu","firstName":"Jenna","lastName":"St. Pierre","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"mellis10@columbiastate.edu","firstName":"Madalyn N ","lastName":"Ellis","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"mpollack@ColumbiaState.edu","firstName":"Michael J. ","lastName":"Pollack","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":null,"dataTable":null,"extendedData":[],"funding":"The project was funded by the Student Engagement, Retention, and Success grant from the Tennessee Board of Regens (TBR SERS).
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/1ee6bc97d916d43833e1ead173a31bbf.png"},"imageCaption":"The images show a siphovirus morphology with the characteristic icosahedral capsid and tail. A Hitachi H-7650 Transmission Electron Microscope (Tokyo, Japan) was used for bacteriophage imaging with an accelerating voltage of 100 kV. Bacteriophage samples were stained using 1% uranyl acetate on grids attached to Pelco Tabs (Ted Peller, Inc., Redding, CA).
","imageTitle":"Transmission electron microscopy images of phages Pulchra (left) and Vanisius (right).
","methods":"","reagents":"","patternDescription":"Bacteriophages are genetically diverse biological entities that can efficiently lyse bacteria and are viewed as a means for controlling bacterial growth (Hatfull, 2020). Phages Pulchra and Vanisius were isolated from the soil samples using Microbacterium foliorum NRRL B-24224 host. The samples were collected in Mount Pleasant (35.4736 N, 87.2497 W) and Franklin (35.918 N, 86.8 W), Tennessee, under the ambient temperature of 28° and 31°C, respectively. Following an enriched isolation protocol, the soil samples were washed in PYCa (peptone-yeast-calcium) medium, the wash filtered (0.22 μm pore size), and the filtrates inoculated with M. foliorum and incubated at 30˚C with shaking (Zorawik, 2024). After 72 hours, the cultures were filtered and the filtrates plated in top agar supplemented with M. foliorum, incubated at 30˚C. Plaques for each sample were purified through 3 rounds of plating, after which lysates were prepared for each phage.
The respective phages consistently formed clear plaques on the PYCa agar plates with M. foliorum ranging in size between 1-2 mm for Pulchra, and from 2 to 3mm for Vanisius. To determine phage morphology using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the concentrated phage samples were placed on a copper grid and negative stained with uranyl acetate. TEM imaging revealed that Pulchra and Vanisius have a siphovirus morphology, as shown in Figure 1, A and B. The size of phage Pulchra capsid was calculated at 66-68nm and tail at 143-145nm (n=4). The phage Vanisus capsid was measured at 44-46nm and the tail was measured at 104-106nm (n=4).
Genomic DNA for each phage was isolated from a high-titer phage lysate (~10-10 pfu/mL) and purified using the Promega Wizard DNA Clean-Up Kit. A sequencing DNA library was prepared using the NEBNext UltraII Library Kit. The genomes were sequenced at the Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute on an Illumina MiSeq instrument (v3 reagents) yielding 14,330 single-end 150 bp reads and 38-fold genome coverage for Pulchra, and 301,218-base 150bp single-end reads and 2467-fold coverage for Vanisius. Raw reads were assembled with Newbler v.2.9, and the resulting contigs were checked for completeness by Consed v.29. The genomic termini were verified as described (Russell, 2018). Pulchra’s 133,228 bp genome is circularly permuted with 68.8% GC content, and Vanisius’ 17,453 bp genome has 3' single-stranded overhang of 9 CCCGCCCCA bases, and 68.8% GC content.
The genome sequences were annotated using DNA Master v.5.23.6 embedded with Glimmer v.3.02 (Delcher, 1999) and GeneMark v.2.5p (Besemer and Borodovsky, 2005), BLAST (Altschul, 1990) against the Actinobacteriophage and NCBI nonredundant databases, HHPred v.3.2 (Söding, 2005) against the PDB_mmCIF70, Pfam-v.36, NCBI Conserved Domains databases, Phamerator v.393.0 (Cresawn, 2011), tRNAscanSE v.2.0 (Lowe & Chan, 2016), Aragorn v.1.2.41 (Laslett & Canback, 2004), and PECAAN (http://pecaan.kbrinsgd.org/), all using default software settings.
Pulchra is predicted to encode a total of 92 genes. Based on the gene content similarity (GCS) of at least 35% to actinobacteriophages, Pulchra was assigned to EC (Russell and Hatfull, 2017, Pope, 2017) to which it shares a majority of cluster EC hallmarks. This includes all predicted genes being transcribed unidirectionally, with structure and assembly functions encoded at one end of the genome, lysin A encoded in the middle, and DNA metabolism functions encoded at the other end. No tRNAs or lysogeny-related functions were identified in the genome. Vanisius is predicted to encode 25 genes and is assigned to cluster EE. As with other cluster EE phages, the majority of predicted genes are transcribed unidirectionally and encode putative functions related to virion structure and assembly, with the exception of a few genes that are transcribed in the opposite direction and encode DNA binding proteins. No integrase or immunity repressors functions could be identified in Vanisius or other cluster EE phages, suggesting they are unlikely to establish lysogeny. No tRNA was identified for Vanisius, though a tRNA has been identified in 4 out of the 141 phages of cluster EE, to date.
Data availability. Phage Pulchra is available at GenBank with Accession No. MW601217 and Sequence Read Archive (SRA) No. SRX11158998. Phage Vanisius is available at GenBank Accession No. MN329679 and Sequence Read Archive (SRA) No. SRX11158999.
","references":[{"reference":"Hatfull GF. 2020. Actinobacteriophages: Genomics, Dynamics, and Applications. Annu Rev Virol 7(1): 37-61.
","pubmedId":"32991269","doi":""},{"reference":"Zorawik M, Jacobs-Sera D, Freise AC, SEA-PHAGES, Reddi K. 2024. Isolation of Bacteriophages on Actinobacteria Hosts. Methods Mol Biol 2793: 273-298.
","pubmedId":"38526736","doi":""},{"reference":"Hatfull GF. 2022. Mycobacteriophages: From Petri dish to patient. PLoS Pathog 18(7): e1010602.
","pubmedId":"35797343","doi":""},{"reference":"Russell DA. 2018. Sequencing, Assembling, and Finishing Complete Bacteriophage Genomes. Methods Mol Biol 1681: 109-125.
","pubmedId":"29134591","doi":""},{"reference":"Russell DA, Hatfull GF. 2017. PhagesDB: the actinobacteriophage database. Bioinformatics 33(5): 784-786.
","pubmedId":"28365761","doi":""},{"reference":"Pope WH, Mavrich TN, Garlena RA, Guerrero-Bustamante CA, Jacobs-Sera D, Montgomery MT, et al., Hatfull GF. 2017. Bacteriophages of Gordonia spp. Display a Spectrum of Diversity and Genetic Relationships. mBio 8(4): 10.1128/mBio.01069-17.
","pubmedId":"28811342","doi":""},{"reference":"Delcher AL, Harmon D, Kasif S, White O, Salzberg SL. 1999. Improved microbial gene identification with GLIMMER. Nucleic Acids Res 27(23): 4636-41.
","pubmedId":"10556321","doi":""},{"reference":"Besemer J, Borodovsky M. 2005. GeneMark: web software for gene finding in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses. Nucleic Acids Res 33(Web Server issue): W451-4.
","pubmedId":"15980510","doi":""},{"reference":"Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215(3): 403-10.
","pubmedId":"2231712","doi":""},{"reference":"Söding J, Biegert A, Lupas AN. 2005. The HHpred interactive server for protein homology detection and structure prediction. Nucleic Acids Res 33(Web Server issue): W244-8.
","pubmedId":"15980461","doi":""},{"reference":"Cresawn SG, Bogel M, Day N, Jacobs-Sera D, Hendrix RW, Hatfull GF. 2011. Phamerator: a bioinformatic tool for comparative bacteriophage genomics. BMC Bioinformatics 12: 395.
","pubmedId":"21991981","doi":""},{"reference":"Lowe TM, Chan PP. 2016. tRNAscan-SE On-line: integrating search and context for analysis of transfer RNA genes. Nucleic Acids Res 44(W1): W54-7.
","pubmedId":"27174935","doi":""},{"reference":"Laslett D, Canback B. 2004. ARAGORN, a program to detect tRNA genes and tmRNA genes in nucleotide sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 32(1): 11-6.
","pubmedId":"14704338","doi":""}],"title":"Complete Genome Sequences of Bacteriophages Pulchra and Vanisius Isolated on Microbacterium foliorum.
","reviews":[{"reviewer":{"displayName":"Sarah Ball"},"openAcknowledgement":true,"status":{"submitted":true}},{"reviewer":{"displayName":"Kristen Butela"},"openAcknowledgement":true,"status":{"submitted":true}}],"curatorReviews":[]},{"id":"f1f8134d-4692-481b-85e0-429b0f34936b","decision":"accept","abstract":"Actinobacteriophages Pulchra and Vanisius were isolated from soil samples using Microbacterium foliorum NRRL B-24224. Pulchra and Vanisius have genomes of 53312 bp and 17453bp encoding 91 and 25 predicted protein-coding genes, respectively. Both phages exhibit a siphovirus morphology and have the same GC content of 68.8%. Based on gene content, Pulchra and Vanisius are assigned to actinobacteriophage clusters EC and EE, correspondingly.
","acknowledgements":"This work was supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Science Education Alliance-Phage Hunters Advancing Genomics and Evolutionary Science (SEA-PHAGES) program and Columbia State Community College. We are grateful to Graham Hatfull, Deborah Jacobs-Sera, Vic Sivanathan and Billy Biederman for continuous support, quality control and revision of the manuscript, and to Daniel Russel and Rebecca Garlena for sequencing and assembling the phage genomes. We are thankful to Joyce Miller at the MTSU Interdisciplinary Microanalysis and Imaging Center (MIMIC) for assistance with electron microscopy imaging.
","authors":[{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["writing_originalDraft","writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"eeivazova@columbiastate.edu","firstName":"Elvira R.","lastName":"Eivazova","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"gmarkov@columbiastate.edu","firstName":"Gregory S.","lastName":"Markov","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"tcote@columbiastate.edu","firstName":"Tessa C. ","lastName":"Cote Allen","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"abrittain@columbiastate.edu","firstName":"Ava E. ","lastName":"Brittain","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"jstpierre@columbiastate.edu","firstName":"Jenna","lastName":"St. Pierre","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"mellis10@columbiastate.edu","firstName":"Madalyn N ","lastName":"Ellis","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"mpollack@ColumbiaState.edu","firstName":"Michael J. ","lastName":"Pollack","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.
","dataTable":{"url":null},"extendedData":[],"funding":"The project was funded by the Student Engagement, Retention, and Success grant from the Tennessee Board of Regens (TBR SERS).
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/1ee6bc97d916d43833e1ead173a31bbf.png"},"imageCaption":"The TEM images show a siphovirus morphology with the characteristic icosahedral capsid and tail. A Hitachi H-7650 Transmission Electron Microscope (Tokyo, Japan) was used for bacteriophage imaging with an accelerating voltage of 100 kV. Bacteriophage samples were stained using 1% uranyl acetate on copper grids attached to Pelco Tabs (Ted Peller, Inc., Redding, CA).
","imageTitle":"Transmission electron microscopy images of phages Pulchra (A, left) and Vanisius (B, right)
","methods":"","reagents":"","patternDescription":"Bacteriophages are genetically diverse biological entities that can efficiently lyse bacteria and are viewed as a means for controlling bacterial growth via phage therapy (Hatfull, 2020). The discovery and characterization of novel bacteriophages continue to contribute to our understanding of their diversity and complexity. Phages Pulchra and Vanisius were isolated from soil samples using the bacterium Microbacterium foliorum NRRL B-24224. M. foliorum is a non-pathogenic, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that grows well at 28-30 ˚C. The soil samples were collected in Mount Pleasant (35.4736 N, 87.2497 W) and Franklin (35.918 N, 86.8 W), Tennessee, under the ambient temperature of 28 °C and 31 °C, respectively. Following an enriched isolation protocol, the soil samples were washed in PYCa (peptone-yeast-calcium) medium, the wash was filtered (0.22 μm pore size), and the filtrates were inoculated with M. foliorum and incubated at 30˚C with shaking (Zorawik, 2024). After 72 hours of incubation, the cultures were filtered and the filtrates plated in top agar supplemented with M. foliorum, incubated at 30 ˚C. Plaques for each sample were purified through 3 rounds of plating, after which lysates were prepared for each phage.
After incubation for 48 hours, the respective phages consistently formed clear plaques on the PYCa agar plates with M. foliorum ranging in size from 1 to 2 mm for Pulchra, and from 2 to 3 mm for Vanisius. The number of individual phage plaques used to determine the plaque size ranged between 100-150 plaques per plate. To determine phage morphology using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the concentrated phage samples were placed on a copper grid and negative stained with uranyl acetate. TEM imaging revealed that Pulchra and Vanisius have a siphovirus morphology, as shown in Figure 1, A and B. The size of phage Pulchra capsid was calculated at 66-68 nm and tail at 143-145 nm (n=4). The phage Vanisius capsid was measured at 44-46 nm and the tail was measured at 104-106 nm (n=4).
Genomic DNA for each phage was isolated from a high-titer phage lysate (~10-10 pfu/mL) and purified using the Promega Wizard DNA Clean-Up Kit. A sequencing DNA library was prepared using the NEBNext UltraII Library Kit. The genomes were sequenced at the Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute on an Illumina MiSeq instrument (v3 reagents) yielding 14,330 single-end 150 bp reads and 38-fold genome coverage for Pulchra, and 301,218-base 150 bp single-end reads and 2467-fold coverage for Vanisius. Raw reads were assembled with Newbler v.2.9 (Russell DA, 2018), and the resulting contigs were checked for completeness by Consed v.29 (Gordon D, 1998). The genomic termini were verified as described (Russell, 2018). Pulchra’s 133,228 bp genome is circularly permuted with 68.8% GC content, and Vanisius’ 17,453 bp genome has 3' single-stranded overhang of 9 CCCGCCCCA bases, and 68.8% GC content.
The genome sequences were annotated using DNA Master v.5.23.6 (Pope & Jacobs-Sera, 2018), embedded with Glimmer v.3.02 (Delcher, 1999) and GeneMark v.2.5p (Besemer & Borodovsky, 2005), PhagesDB BLAST (Altschul, 1990) against the Actinobacteriophage and NCBI nonredundant databases, HHPred v.3.2 (Söding, 2005) against the PDB_mmCIF70, Pfam-v.36, NCBI Conserved Domains databases, Phamerator v.393.0 (Cresawn, 2011), tRNAscanSE v.2.0 (Lowe & Chan, 2016), Aragorn v.1.2.41 (Laslett & Canback, 2004), and PECAAN (http://pecaan.kbrinsgd.org/), all using default software settings.
Pulchra is predicted to encode a total of 92 genes. Based on the gene content similarity (GCS) of at least 35% to actinobacteriophages, Pulchra was assigned to cluster EC (Russell & Hatfull, 2017, Pope, 2017), with which it shares a majority of cluster EC hallmarks. This includes all predicted genes being transcribed unidirectionally, with structure and assembly functions encoded at one end of the genome, lysin A encoded in the middle, and DNA metabolism functions encoded at the other end. No tRNAs or lysogeny-related functions were identified in the genome. Vanisius is predicted to encode 25 genes and is assigned to cluster EE. As with other cluster EE phages, the majority of predicted genes are transcribed unidirectionally and encode putative functions related to virion structure and assembly, with the exception of a few genes that are transcribed in the opposite direction and encode DNA binding proteins. No integrase or immunity repressor functions could be identified in Vanisius or other cluster EE phages, suggesting they are unlikely to establish lysogeny. No tRNA was identified for Vanisius, though a tRNA has been identified in 4 out of the 141 phages of cluster EE, to date.
Data availability. Phage Pulchra is available at GenBank with Accession No. MW601217 and Sequence Read Archive (SRA) No. SRX11158998. Phage Vanisius is available at GenBank Accession No. MN329679 and Sequence Read Archive (SRA) No. SRX11158999.
","references":[{"reference":"Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215(3): 403-10.
","pubmedId":"2231712","doi":""},{"reference":"Besemer J, Borodovsky M. 2005. GeneMark: web software for gene finding in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses. Nucleic Acids Res 33(Web Server issue): W451-4.
","pubmedId":"15980510","doi":""},{"reference":"Cresawn SG, Bogel M, Day N, Jacobs-Sera D, Hendrix RW, Hatfull GF. 2011. Phamerator: a bioinformatic tool for comparative bacteriophage genomics. BMC Bioinformatics 12: 395.
","pubmedId":"21991981","doi":""},{"reference":"Delcher AL, Harmon D, Kasif S, White O, Salzberg SL. 1999. Improved microbial gene identification with GLIMMER. Nucleic Acids Res 27(23): 4636-41.
","pubmedId":"10556321","doi":""},{"reference":"Gordon D, Abajian C, Green P. 1998. Consed: a graphical tool for sequence finishing. Genome Res 8(3): 195-202.
","pubmedId":"9521923","doi":""},{"reference":"Hatfull GF. 2020. Actinobacteriophages: Genomics, Dynamics, and Applications. Annu Rev Virol 7(1): 37-61.
","pubmedId":"32991269","doi":""},{"reference":"Hatfull GF. 2022. Mycobacteriophages: From Petri dish to patient. PLoS Pathog 18(7): e1010602.
","pubmedId":"35797343","doi":""},{"reference":"Laslett D, Canback B. 2004. ARAGORN, a program to detect tRNA genes and tmRNA genes in nucleotide sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 32(1): 11-6.
","pubmedId":"14704338","doi":""},{"reference":"Lowe TM, Chan PP. 2016. tRNAscan-SE On-line: integrating search and context for analysis of transfer RNA genes. Nucleic Acids Res 44(W1): W54-7.
","pubmedId":"27174935","doi":""},{"reference":"Pope WH, Jacobs-Sera D. 2018. Annotation of Bacteriophage Genome Sequences Using DNA Master: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol 1681: 217-229.
","pubmedId":"29134598","doi":""},{"reference":"Pope WH, Mavrich TN, Garlena RA, Guerrero-Bustamante CA, Jacobs-Sera D, Montgomery MT, et al., Hatfull GF. 2017. Bacteriophages of Gordonia spp. Display a Spectrum of Diversity and Genetic Relationships. mBio 8(4): 10.1128/mBio.01069-17.
","pubmedId":"28811342","doi":""},{"reference":"Russell DA. 2018. Sequencing, Assembling, and Finishing Complete Bacteriophage Genomes. Methods Mol Biol 1681: 109-125.
","pubmedId":"29134591","doi":""},{"reference":"Russell DA, Hatfull GF. 2017. PhagesDB: the actinobacteriophage database. Bioinformatics 33(5): 784-786.
","pubmedId":"28365761","doi":""},{"reference":"Söding J, Biegert A, Lupas AN. 2005. The HHpred interactive server for protein homology detection and structure prediction. Nucleic Acids Res 33(Web Server issue): W244-8.
","pubmedId":"15980461","doi":""},{"reference":"Zorawik M, Jacobs-Sera D, Freise AC, SEA-PHAGES, Reddi K. 2024. Isolation of Bacteriophages on Actinobacteria Hosts. Methods Mol Biol 2793: 273-298.
","pubmedId":"38526736","doi":""}],"title":"Complete Genome Sequences of Bacteriophages Pulchra and Vanisius Isolated on Microbacterium foliorum.
","reviews":[{"reviewer":{"displayName":"Sarah Ball"},"openAcknowledgement":false,"status":{"submitted":true}},{"reviewer":{"displayName":"Kristen Butela"},"openAcknowledgement":true,"status":{"submitted":true}}],"curatorReviews":[]},{"id":"44426dcf-1e56-4879-b6b8-0dd2cb30f4ee","decision":"publish","abstract":"Actinobacteriophages Pulchra and Vanisius were isolated from soil samples using Microbacterium foliorum NRRL B-24224. Pulchra and Vanisius have genomes of 53312 bp and 17453bp encoding 91 and 25 predicted protein-coding genes, respectively. Both phages exhibit a siphovirus morphology and have the same GC content of 68.8%. Based on gene content, Pulchra and Vanisius are assigned to actinobacteriophage clusters EC and EE, correspondingly.
","acknowledgements":"This work was supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute Science Education Alliance-Phage Hunters Advancing Genomics and Evolutionary Science (SEA-PHAGES) program and Columbia State Community College. We are grateful to Graham Hatfull, Deborah Jacobs-Sera, Vic Sivanathan and Billy Biederman for continuous support, quality control and revision of the manuscript, and to Daniel Russel and Rebecca Garlena for sequencing and assembling the phage genomes. We are thankful to Joyce Miller at the MTSU Interdisciplinary Microanalysis and Imaging Center (MIMIC) for assistance with electron microscopy imaging.
","authors":[{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["writing_originalDraft","writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"eeivazova@columbiastate.edu","firstName":"Elvira R.","lastName":"Eivazova","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"gmarkov@columbiastate.edu","firstName":"Gregory S.","lastName":"Markov","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"tcote@columbiastate.edu","firstName":"Tessa C. ","lastName":"Cote Allen","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"abrittain@columbiastate.edu","firstName":"Ava E. ","lastName":"Brittain","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"jstpierre@columbiastate.edu","firstName":"Jenna","lastName":"St. Pierre","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"mellis10@columbiastate.edu","firstName":"Madalyn N ","lastName":"Ellis","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["Columbia State Community College, Columbia, Tennessee, United States"],"departments":[""],"credit":["investigation"],"email":"mpollack@ColumbiaState.edu","firstName":"Michael J. ","lastName":"Pollack","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.
","dataTable":{"url":null},"extendedData":[],"funding":"The project was funded by the Student Engagement, Retention, and Success grant from the Tennessee Board of Regens (TBR SERS).
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/5f31ee02e8a0bfca884ee032bbf7808b.png"},"imageCaption":"The TEM images show a siphovirus morphology with the characteristic icosahedral capsid and tail. A Hitachi H-7650 Transmission Electron Microscope (Tokyo, Japan) was used for bacteriophage imaging with an accelerating voltage of 100 kV. Bacteriophage samples were stained using 1% uranyl acetate on copper grids attached to Pelco Tabs (Ted Peller, Inc., Redding, CA).
","imageTitle":"Transmission electron microscopy images of phages Pulchra (A) and Vanisius (B)
","methods":"","reagents":"","patternDescription":"Bacteriophages are genetically diverse biological entities that can efficiently lyse bacteria and are viewed as a means for controlling bacterial growth via phage therapy (Hatfull, 2020). The discovery and characterization of novel bacteriophages continue to contribute to our understanding of their diversity and complexity. Phages Pulchra and Vanisius were isolated from soil samples using the bacterium Microbacterium foliorum NRRL B-24224. M. foliorum is a non-pathogenic, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that grows well at 28-30 ˚C. The soil samples were collected in Mount Pleasant (35.4736 N, 87.2497 W) and Franklin (35.918 N, 86.8 W), Tennessee, under the ambient temperature of 28 °C and 31 °C, respectively. Following an enriched isolation protocol, the soil samples were washed in PYCa (peptone-yeast-calcium) medium, the wash was filtered (0.22 μm pore size), and the filtrates were inoculated with M. foliorum and incubated at 30˚C with shaking (Zorawik, 2024). After 72 hours of incubation, the cultures were filtered and the filtrates plated in top agar supplemented with M. foliorum, incubated at 30 ˚C. Plaques for each sample were purified through 3 rounds of plating, after which lysates were prepared for each phage.
After incubation for 48 hours, the respective phages consistently formed clear plaques on the PYCa agar plates with M. foliorum ranging in size from 1 to 2 mm for Pulchra, and from 2 to 3 mm for Vanisius. The number of individual phage plaques used to determine the plaque size ranged between 100-150 plaques per plate. To determine phage morphology using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the concentrated phage samples were placed on a copper grid and negative stained with uranyl acetate. TEM imaging revealed that Pulchra and Vanisius have a siphovirus morphology, as shown in Figure 1, A and B. The size of phage Pulchra capsid was calculated at 66-68 nm and tail at 143-145 nm (n=4). The phage Vanisius capsid was measured at 44-46 nm and the tail was measured at 104-106 nm (n=4).
Genomic DNA for each phage was isolated from a high-titer phage lysate (~10-10 pfu/mL) and purified using the Promega Wizard DNA Clean-Up Kit. A sequencing DNA library was prepared using the NEBNext UltraII Library Kit. The genomes were sequenced at the Pittsburgh Bacteriophage Institute on an Illumina MiSeq instrument (v3 reagents) yielding 14,330 single-end 150 bp reads and 38-fold genome coverage for Pulchra, and 301,218-base 150 bp single-end reads and 2467-fold coverage for Vanisius. Raw reads were assembled with Newbler v.2.9 (Russell DA, 2018), and the resulting contigs were checked for completeness by Consed v.29 (Gordon D, 1998). The genomic termini were verified as described (Russell, 2018). Pulchra’s 133,228 bp genome is circularly permuted with 68.8% GC content, and Vanisius’ 17,453 bp genome has 3' single-stranded overhang of 9 CCCGCCCCA bases, and 68.8% GC content.
The genome sequences were annotated using DNA Master v.5.23.6 (Pope & Jacobs-Sera, 2018), embedded with Glimmer v.3.02 (Delcher, 1999) and GeneMark v.2.5p (Besemer & Borodovsky, 2005), PhagesDB BLAST (Altschul, 1990) against the Actinobacteriophage and NCBI nonredundant databases, HHPred v.3.2 (Söding, 2005) against the PDB_mmCIF70, Pfam-v.36, NCBI Conserved Domains databases, Phamerator v.393.0 (Cresawn, 2011), tRNAscanSE v.2.0 (Lowe & Chan, 2016), Aragorn v.1.2.41 (Laslett & Canback, 2004), and PECAAN (http://pecaan.kbrinsgd.org/), all using default software settings.
Pulchra is predicted to encode a total of 92 genes. Based on the gene content similarity (GCS) of at least 35% to actinobacteriophages, Pulchra was assigned to cluster EC (Russell & Hatfull, 2017, Pope, 2017), with which it shares a majority of cluster EC hallmarks. This includes all predicted genes being transcribed unidirectionally, with structure and assembly functions encoded at one end of the genome, lysin A encoded in the middle, and DNA metabolism functions encoded at the other end. No tRNAs or lysogeny-related functions were identified in the genome. Vanisius is predicted to encode 25 genes and is assigned to cluster EE. As with other cluster EE phages, the majority of predicted genes are transcribed unidirectionally and encode putative functions related to virion structure and assembly, with the exception of a few genes that are transcribed in the opposite direction and encode DNA binding proteins. No integrase or immunity repressor functions could be identified in Vanisius or other cluster EE phages, suggesting they are unlikely to establish lysogeny. No tRNA was identified for Vanisius, though a tRNA has been identified in 4 out of the 141 phages of cluster EE, to date.
Data availability. Phage Pulchra is available at GenBank with Accession No. MW601217 and Sequence Read Archive (SRA) No. SRX11158998. Phage Vanisius is available at GenBank Accession No. MN329679 and Sequence Read Archive (SRA) No. SRX11158999.
","references":[{"reference":"Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ. 1990. Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215(3): 403-10.
","pubmedId":"2231712","doi":""},{"reference":"Besemer J, Borodovsky M. 2005. GeneMark: web software for gene finding in prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses. Nucleic Acids Res 33(Web Server issue): W451-4.
","pubmedId":"15980510","doi":""},{"reference":"Cresawn SG, Bogel M, Day N, Jacobs-Sera D, Hendrix RW, Hatfull GF. 2011. Phamerator: a bioinformatic tool for comparative bacteriophage genomics. BMC Bioinformatics 12: 395.
","pubmedId":"21991981","doi":""},{"reference":"Delcher AL, Harmon D, Kasif S, White O, Salzberg SL. 1999. Improved microbial gene identification with GLIMMER. Nucleic Acids Res 27(23): 4636-41.
","pubmedId":"10556321","doi":""},{"reference":"Gordon D, Abajian C, Green P. 1998. Consed: a graphical tool for sequence finishing. Genome Res 8(3): 195-202.
","pubmedId":"9521923","doi":""},{"reference":"Hatfull GF. 2020. Actinobacteriophages: Genomics, Dynamics, and Applications. Annu Rev Virol 7(1): 37-61.
","pubmedId":"32991269","doi":""},{"reference":"Hatfull GF. 2022. Mycobacteriophages: From Petri dish to patient. PLoS Pathog 18(7): e1010602.
","pubmedId":"35797343","doi":""},{"reference":"Laslett D, Canback B. 2004. ARAGORN, a program to detect tRNA genes and tmRNA genes in nucleotide sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 32(1): 11-6.
","pubmedId":"14704338","doi":""},{"reference":"Lowe TM, Chan PP. 2016. tRNAscan-SE On-line: integrating search and context for analysis of transfer RNA genes. Nucleic Acids Res 44(W1): W54-7.
","pubmedId":"27174935","doi":""},{"reference":"Pope WH, Jacobs-Sera D. 2018. Annotation of Bacteriophage Genome Sequences Using DNA Master: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol 1681: 217-229.
","pubmedId":"29134598","doi":""},{"reference":"Pope WH, Mavrich TN, Garlena RA, Guerrero-Bustamante CA, Jacobs-Sera D, Montgomery MT, et al., Hatfull GF. 2017. Bacteriophages of Gordonia spp. Display a Spectrum of Diversity and Genetic Relationships. mBio 8(4): 10.1128/mBio.01069-17.
","pubmedId":"28811342","doi":""},{"reference":"Russell DA. 2018. Sequencing, Assembling, and Finishing Complete Bacteriophage Genomes. Methods Mol Biol 1681: 109-125.
","pubmedId":"29134591","doi":""},{"reference":"Russell DA, Hatfull GF. 2017. PhagesDB: the actinobacteriophage database. Bioinformatics 33(5): 784-786.
","pubmedId":"28365761","doi":""},{"reference":"Söding J, Biegert A, Lupas AN. 2005. The HHpred interactive server for protein homology detection and structure prediction. Nucleic Acids Res 33(Web Server issue): W244-8.
","pubmedId":"15980461","doi":""},{"reference":"Zorawik M, Jacobs-Sera D, Freise AC, SEA-PHAGES, Reddi K. 2024. Isolation of Bacteriophages on Actinobacteria Hosts. Methods Mol Biol 2793: 273-298.
","pubmedId":"38526736","doi":""}],"title":"Complete Genome Sequences of Bacteriophages Pulchra and Vanisius Isolated on Microbacterium foliorum.
","reviews":[],"curatorReviews":[]}]}},"species":{"species":[{"value":"acer saccharum","label":"Acer saccharum","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"TreeGenes","modLink":"https://treegenesdb.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"achillea millefolium","label":"Achillea millefolium","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"acinetobacter baylyi","label":"Acinetobacter baylyi","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"actinobacteria bacterium","label":"Actinobacteria bacterium","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"adelges tsugae","label":"Adelges tsugae","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"adenocaulon chilense","label":"Adenocaulon chilense","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"aedes japonicus","label":"Aedes japonicus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"aegorhinus vitulus","label":"Aegorhinus vitulus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"aerococcus","label":"Aerococcus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"alaimidae","label":"Alaimidae","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"allobates femoralis","label":"Allobates femoralis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"alnus glutinosa","label":"Alnus glutinosa","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"alosa aestivalis","label":"Alosa aestivalis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"alosa pseudoharengus","label":"Alosa pseudoharengus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"alternaria alternata","label":"Alternaria alternata","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"amynthas agrestis","label":"Amynthas Agrestis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"ancylostoma caninum","label":"Ancylostoma caninum","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"ancylostoma ceylanicum","label":"Ancylostoma ceylanicum","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"anemone multifida","label":"Anemone multifida","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"anguilla rostrata","label":"Anguilla rostrata","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"anisakis simplex","label":"Anisakis simplex","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"anomala albopilosa","label":"Anomala albopilosa","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"anthomyiidae sp","label":"Anthomyiidae sp","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"anthomyiidae sp","label":"Anthomyiidae sp","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"arabidopsis","label":"Arabidopsis","imageSrc":"arabidopsis.png","imageAlt":"Arabidopsis graphic by Zoe Zorn CC BY 4.0","mod":"TAIR","modLink":"https://arabidopsis.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"architeuthis dux","label":"Architeuthis dux","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"arion vulgaris","label":"Arion vulgaris","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"armeria","label":"Armeria","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"artemia","label":"Artemia","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"arthrobacter sp.","label":"Arthrobacter sp.","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"ascaridia","label":"Ascaridia","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"ascaridia galli","label":"Ascaridia galli","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"asparagopsis taxiformis","label":"Asparagopsis taxiformis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"astatotilapia burtoni","label":"Astatotilapia burtoni","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"avena sativa","label":"Avena sativa","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"aves","label":"Aves","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"bacillus","label":"Bacillus (firmicutes)","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"bacillus cereus","label":"Bacillus cereus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"bacillus mycoides","label":"Bacillus mycoides","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"bacillus subtilis","label":"Bacillus subtilis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"bacillus thuringiensis","label":"Bacillus thuringiensis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"bacillus toyonensis","label":"Bacillus toyonensis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"bacillus wiedmannii","label":"Bacillus wiedmannii","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"bacteria","label":"Bacteria","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"bacteriophage","label":"Bacteriophage","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"bactrocera","label":"Bactrocera sp.","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"batrachospermum gelatinosum","label":"Batrachospermum gelatinosum","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"betula lenta","label":"Betula lenta","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"betula nigra","label":"Betula nigra","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"bombus dahlbohmii","label":"Bombus dahlbohmii","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"bombus terrestris","label":"Bombus terrestris","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"bombyx mori","label":"Bombyx mori","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"bos taurus","label":"Bos Taurus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"brachygobius doriae","label":"Brachygobius doriae","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"brassica oleracea","label":"Brassica oleracea","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"brassica rapa","label":"Brassica rapa","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"brugia malayi","label":"Brugia malayi","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"WormBase","modLink":"www.wormbase.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"burkholderia thailandensis","label":"Burkholderia thailandensis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"buttiauxella","label":"Buttiauxella","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"caenorhabditis brenneri","label":"Caenorhabditis brenneri","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"WormBase","modLink":"www.wormbase.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"caenorhabditis briggsae","label":"Caenorhabditis briggsae","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"WormBase","modLink":"www.wormbase.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"c. elegans","label":"Caenorhabditis elegans","imageSrc":"c-elegans.jpg","imageAlt":"C. elegans graphic by Zoe Zorn CC BY 4.0","mod":"WormBase","modLink":"https://wormbase.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"caenorhabditis inopinata","label":"Caenorhabditis inopinata","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"WormBase","modLink":"www.wormbase.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"caenorhabditis japonica","label":"Caenorhabditis japonica","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"WormBase","modLink":"www.wormbase.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"caenorhabditis nigoni","label":"Caenorhabditis nigoni","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"caenorhabditis remanei","label":"Caenorhabditis remanei","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"WormBase","modLink":"www.wormbase.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"caenorhabditis tropicalis","label":"Caenorhabditis tropicalis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"calidifontibacillus","label":"Calidifontibacillus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"calidifontibacillus erzuremensis","label":"Calidifontibacillus erzuremensis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"calliphora sp","label":"Calliphora sp","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"caltha sagittata","label":"Caltha sagittata","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"cambarus latimanus","label":"Cambarus latimanus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"candida albicans","label":"Candida albicans","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"canis familiaris","label":"Canis familiaris","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"cannabis sativa","label":"Cannabis sativa","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"caretta caretta","label":"Caretta caretta","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"cassiopea xamachana","label":"Cassiopea xamachana","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"caulobacter vibrioides","label":"Caulobacter vibrioides","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"cephalopods","label":"Cephalopoda","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"cerastium arvense","label":"Cerastium arvense","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"ceriodaphnia","label":"Ceriodaphnia","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"ceroglossus suturalis","label":"Ceroglossus suturalis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"chaetoceros","label":"Chaetoceros","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"chamaecrista fasciculata","label":"Chamaecrista fasciculata","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"chilicola chalcidiformis","label":"Chilicola chalcidiformis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"chitinimonas","label":"Chitinimonas","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"chlamydomonas reinhardtii","label":"Chlamydomonas reinhardtii","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"chromobacterium","label":"Chromobacterium","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"chrysemys picta","label":"Chrysemys picta","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"chrysoperla rufilabris","label":"Chrysoperla rufilabris","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"citrus","label":"Citrus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"clavibacter sp.","label":"Clavibacter sp.","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"colinus virginianus","label":"Colinus virginianus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"crassostrea virginica","label":"Crassostrea virginica","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"crithidia fasciculata","label":"Crithidia fasciculata","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"cutibacterium acnes","label":"Cutibacterium acnes","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"cyanobacteria","label":"Cyanobacteria","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"daphnia","label":"Daphnia","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"daphnia pulex","label":"Daphnia pulex","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis","label":"Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"diabrotica virgifera","label":"Diabrotica virgifera","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"diabrotica virgifera virgifera virus 1","label":"Diabrotica virgifera virgifera virus 1","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"d. discoideum","label":"Dictyostelium discoideum","imageSrc":"dicty.png","imageAlt":"D. discoideum","mod":"dictyBase","modLink":"http://dictybase.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"diptera","label":"Diptera","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"dotocryptus bellicosus","label":"Dotocryptus bellicosus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"drechmeria coniospora","label":"Drechmeria coniospora","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"drosophila","label":"Drosophila","imageSrc":"drosophila.png","imageAlt":"Drosophila graphic by Zoe Zorn CC BY 4.0","mod":"FlyBase","modLink":"https://flybase.org/doi/","linkVariable":"doi"},{"value":"dryopteris campyloptera","label":"Dryopteris campyloptera","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"dryopteris expansa","label":"Dryopteris expansa","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"dryopteris intermedia","label":"Dryopteris intermedia","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"dugesia dorotocephala","label":"Dugesia dorotocephala","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"elasmobranchii","label":"Elasmobranchii","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"embryophyta","label":"Embryophyta","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"enoploteuthis chunii","label":"Enoploteuthis chunii","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"enterobacter aerogenes","label":"Enterobacter aerogenes","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"enterococcus raffinosus","label":"Enterococcus raffinosus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"epichloë coenophiala","label":"Epichloë coenophiala","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"equus caballus","label":"Equus caballus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"erigeron sp","label":"Erigeron sp","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"eristalis","label":"Eristalis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"eruca vesicaria","label":"Eruca vesicaria","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"erwinia carotovora","label":"Erwinia carotovora","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"erythronium americanum","label":"Erythronium americanum","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"escherichia coli","label":"Escherichia coli","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"eukaryota","label":"Eukaryotes","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"felis catus","label":"Felis catus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"francisella novicida","label":"Francisella novicida","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"francisella tularensis","label":"Francisella tularensis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"fraxinus americana","label":"Fraxinus americana","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"fucus distichus","label":"Fucus distichus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"fungi","label":"Fungi","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"gasteropelecus sp.","label":"Gasteropelecus sp.","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"geranium sp","label":"Geranium sp","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"girardia","label":"Girardia","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"glaucomys volans","label":"Glaucomys volans","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"glycine max","label":"Glycine max","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"Soybase","modLink":"https://soybase.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"glyptemys insculpta","label":"Glyptemys insculpta","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"gossypium hirsutum","label":"Gossypium hirsutum","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"CottonGen","modLink":"https://www.cottongen.org/","linkVariable":""},{"value":"gromphadorhina portentosa","label":"Gromphadorhina portentosa","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"gryllodes sigillatus","label":"Gryllodes sigillatus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"haliotis rufescens","label":"Haliotis rufescens","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"hepacivirus hominis","label":"Hepatitis C Virus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"herpes simplex virus type 1","label":"Herpes simplex virus type 1","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"human","label":"Human","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"human coronavirus oc43","label":"Human coronavirus OC43","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"hydra vulgaris","label":"Hydra vulgaris","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"hydropsyche sp","label":"Hydropsyche sp","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"hymenoptera","label":"Hymenoptera","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"Hymenoptera Genome Database","modLink":"https://hymenoptera.elsiklab.missouri.edu/","linkVariable":""},{"value":"hypochaeris radicata","label":"Hypochaeris radicata","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"hypodynerus vespiformis","label":"Hypodynerus vespiformis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"iflaviridae","label":"Iflaviridae","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"iflavuris","label":"Iflavirus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"ipomoea hederacea","label":"Ipomoea hederacea","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"ischnomera","label":"Ischnomera","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"ischnomera ruficollis","label":"Ischnomera ruficollis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"julidochromis marlieri","label":"Julidochromis marlieri","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"juniperus virginiana","label":"Juniperus virginiana","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"kluyveromyces marxianus","label":"Kluyveromyces marxianus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"l. casei","label":"L. casei","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"lacticaseibacillus casei","label":"Lacticaseibacillus casei","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"lactobacillus","label":"Lactobacillus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"larentiinae sp","label":"Larentiinae sp","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"laurus nobilis","label":"Laurus nobilis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"lepidoptera","label":"Lepidoptera","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"leucanthemum vulgare","label":"Leucanthemum vulgare","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"ligilactobacillus","label":"Ligilactobacillus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"ligilactobacillus salivarius","label":"Ligilactobacillus salivarius","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"limosilactobacillus","label":"Limosilactobacillus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"linepithema humile","label":"Linepithema humile","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"liometopum occidentale","label":"Liometopum occidentale","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"lolium arundinaceum","label":"Lolium arundinaceum","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"lontra longicaudis","label":"Lontra longicaudis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"lumbriculus variegatus","label":"Lumbriculus variegatus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"lumbricus terrestris","label":"Lumbricus terrestris","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"lupinus polyphyllus","label":"Lupinus polyphyllus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"lycorma delicatula","label":"Lycorma delicatula","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"lynx rufus","label":"Lynx rufus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"magnaporthe oryzae","label":"Magnaporthe oryzae","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"mammalia","label":"Mammalia","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"manihot esculenta","label":"Manihot esculenta","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"medicago lupulina","label":"Medicago lupulina","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"meloidogyne","label":"Meloidogyne","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"mimus polyglottos","label":"Mimus polyglottos","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"bryophyta","label":"Mosses","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"mouse","label":"Mouse","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"MGI","modLink":"https://informatics.jax.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"m. minutoides","label":"Mus minutoides","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"mycobacterium smegmatis","label":"Mycobacterium smegmatis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"nakaseomyces glabratus","label":"Nakaseomyces glabratus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"nauphoeta cinerea","label":"Nauphoeta cinerea","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"neurospora","label":"Neurospora","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"n. benthamiana","label":"Nicotiana benthamiana","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"Solgenomics Network","modLink":"https://solgenomics.net/organism/Nicotiana_benthamiana/genome","linkVariable":""},{"value":"nicotiana tabacum","label":"Nicotiana tabacum","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"noctuidae","label":"Noctuidae","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"noctuidae sp","label":"Noctuidae sp","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"nothobranchius furzeri","label":"Nothobranchius furzeri","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"onchocerca volvulus","label":"Onchocerca volvulus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"WormBase","modLink":"www.wormbase.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"orconectes virilis","label":"Orconectes virilis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"ormia ochracea","label":"Ormia ochracea","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"o. sativa","label":"Oryza sativa","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"Gramene","modLink":"https://www.gramene.org/","linkVariable":""},{"value":"other","label":"Other","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":null,"modLink":null,"linkVariable":null},{"value":"oxalis enneaphylla","label":"Oxalis enneaphylla","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans","label":"Paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans","label":"Paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"pantoea","label":"Pantoea","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"pantoea agglomerans","label":"Pantoea agglomerans","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"papaver sp","label":"Papaver sp","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"paramecium bursaria","label":"Paramecium bursaria","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"partitiviridae","label":"Partitiviridae","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"pelodiscus sinensis","label":"Pelodiscus sinensis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"perezia recurvata","label":"Perezia recurvata","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"petromyzon marinus","label":"Petromyzon marinus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"photinus pyralis","label":"Photinus pyralis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"photinus pyralis associated partiti-like virus","label":"Photinus pyralis associated partiti-like virus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"photinus pyralis iflavirus 1","label":"Photinus pyralis iflavirus 1","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"physcomitrium patens","label":"Physcomitrium patens","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"pinus strobus","label":"Pinus strobus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"pinus taeda","label":"Pinus taeda","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"platycheirus","label":"Platycheirus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"plectus sambesii","label":"Plectus sambesii","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"pogonomyrmex occidentalis","label":"Pogonomyrmex occidentalis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"poncirus trifoliata","label":"Poncirus trifoliata","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"populus deltoides","label":"Populus deltoides","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"potato virus y","label":"Potato virus Y","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"primula magellanica","label":"Primula magellanica","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"pristionchus pacificus","label":"Pristionchus pacificus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"WormBase","modLink":"www.wormbase.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"prunus persica","label":"Prunus persica","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"Genome Database for Rosaceae","modLink":"https://www.rosaceae.org/","linkVariable":""},{"value":"psalmopoeus iriminia","label":"Psalmopoeus iriminia","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"pseudanabaena sp.","label":"Pseudanabaena sp.","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"pseudomonas","label":"Pseudomonas","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"pseudomonas aeruginosa","label":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"pseudomonas glycinae","label":"Pseudomonas glycinae","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"pseudomonas putida","label":"Pseudomonas putida","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"pseudomonas syringae","label":"Pseudomonas syringae","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"pterophyllum scalare","label":"Pterophyllum scalare","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"python regius","label":"Python regius","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"quercus macrocarpa","label":"Quercus macrocarpa","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"ralstonia solanacearum","label":"Ralstonia solanacearum","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"ranitomeya imitator","label":"Ranitomeya imitator","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"ranunculus peduncularis","label":"Ranunculus peduncularis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"rat","label":"Rat","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"RGD","modLink":"https://rgd.mcw.edu","linkVariable":""},{"value":"rheinheimera","label":"Rheinheimera","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"ribes rubrum","label":"Ribes rubrum","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"sars-cov-2","label":"SARS-CoV-2","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"s. cerevisiae","label":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae","imageSrc":"yeast.png","imageAlt":"Yeast graphic by Zoe Zorn CC BY 4.0","mod":"SGD","modLink":"https://yeastgenome.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"saccharomyces paradoxus","label":"Saccharomyces paradoxus ","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"s. uvarum","label":"Saccharomyces uvarum","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"schistosoma","label":"Schistosoma","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"schizosaccharomyces japonicus","label":"Schizosaccharomyces japonicus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"s. pombe","label":"Schizosaccharomyces pombe","imageSrc":"pombe.png","imageAlt":"Pombe graphic by Zoe Zorn © Caltech","mod":"PomBase","modLink":"https://www.pombase.org/reference/PMID:","linkVariable":"pmId"},{"value":"schmidtea mediterranea","label":"Schmidtea mediterranea","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"senecio sp","label":"Senecio sp","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"simocephalus","label":"Simocephalus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"siraitia grosvenorii","label":"Siraitia grosvenorii","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"solanum lycopersicum","label":"Solanum lycopersicum","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"Solgenomics Network","modLink":"https://solgenomics.net/organism/1/view/","linkVariable":""},{"value":"sorghum","label":"Sorghum","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"SorghumBase","modLink":"https://www.sorghumbase.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"spiroplasma eriocheiris","label":"Spiroplasma eriocheiris","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"staphylococcus aureus","label":"Staphylococcus aureus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"staphylococcus epidermidis","label":"Staphylococcus epidermidis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"steinernema carpocapsae","label":"Steinernema carpocapsae","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"WormBase","modLink":"https://wormbase.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"steinernema hermaphroditum","label":"Steinernema hermaphroditum","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"stenotrophomonas geniculata","label":"Stenotrophomonas geniculata","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"stewartia floidana","label":"Stewartia floridana","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"streptococcus gordonii ","label":"Streptococcus gordonii ","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"streptococcus mutans","label":"Streptococcus mutans","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":" streptococcus pneumoniae","label":"Streptococcus pneumoniae","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"s. purpuratus","label":"Strongylocentrotus purpuratus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"Echinobase","modLink":"https://www.echinobase.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"strongyloides ratti","label":"Strongyloides ratti","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"WormBase","modLink":"www.wormbase.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"sulfolobus","label":"Sulfolobus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"symphoricarpos albus","label":"Symphoricarpos albus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"syncirsodes","label":"Syncirsodes","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"synechococcus elongatus","label":"Synechococcus elongatus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"syrphidae","label":"Syrphidae","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"tarantobelus jeffdanielsi","label":"Tarantobelus jeffdanielsi","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"WormBase","modLink":"www.wormbase.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"taraxacum officinale","label":"Taraxacum officinale","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"tatochila theodice","label":"Tatochila theodice","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"tetrahymena","label":"Tetrahymena","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"tetramorium immigrans","label":"Tetramorium immigrans","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"tomato brown rugose fruit virus","label":"ToBRFV","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"trachemys scripta","label":"Trachemys scripta","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"tribolium castaneum","label":"Tribolium castaneum","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"trichoptera","label":"Trichoptera","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"trichuris muris","label":"Trichuris muris","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"WormBase","modLink":"www.wormbase.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"trifolium repens","label":"Trifolium repens","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"trypoxylus dichotomus","label":"Trypoxylus dichotomus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"tsuga canadensis","label":"Tsuga canadensis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"ulva expansa","label":"Ulva expansa","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"universal","label":"Universal","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":null,"modLink":null,"linkVariable":null},{"value":"vargula hilgendorfii","label":"Vargula hilgendorfii","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"vespula vulgaris","label":"Vespula vulgaris","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"virus","label":"Virus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"watasenia scintillans","label":"Watasenia scintillans","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"wolbachia pipientis","label":"Wolbachia pipientis","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"xenopus","label":"Xenopus","imageSrc":"xenopus.png","imageAlt":"Xenopus graphic by Zoe Zorn CC BY 4.0","mod":"XenBase","modLink":"https://xenbase.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"xenorhabdus griffiniae","label":"Xenorhabdus griffiniae","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"yramea cytheris","label":"Yramea cytheris","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"zaprionus indianus","label":"Zaprionus indianus","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"","modLink":"","linkVariable":""},{"value":"zea mays","label":"Zea mays","imageSrc":"","imageAlt":"","mod":"MaizeGDB","modLink":"https://www.maizegdb.org","linkVariable":""},{"value":"zebrafish","label":"Zebrafish","imageSrc":"zebrafish.png","imageAlt":"Zebrafish graphic by Zoe Zorn CC BY 4.0","mod":"ZFIN","modLink":"https://zfin.org","linkVariable":""}]}},"pageContext":{"id":"5a9409b7-410a-4baf-b679-9331ce81bdaa","citedBy":[],"parsedCsv":{"csvHeader":[],"csvData":[]}}}, "staticQueryHashes": ["2114697108"]}